Glossoptosis is part of the Pierre Robin sequence, a condition with several clinical features, including a small lower jaw (known as micrognathia) and the tongue's displacement towards the back of the oral cavity (glossoptosis). Sometimes these features are accompanied by an opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate). The features of PRS can be present as an isolated sequence (isolated PRS) or as part of a genetic syndrome (also known as syndromic PRS).

PRS occurs in about 1 in 8,500-14,000 individuals. According to the National Organization of Rare Disorders, the lower jaw does not grow enough in infants who develop PRS, which leads to the tongue being displaced towards the back of the oral cavity. Since the oral cavity is limited in size, the tongue gets pushed upwards, interfering with the developing palate's natural closure. These changes occur during pregnancy, leading to craniofacial abnormalities.

PRS is detected while the fetus is still in the womb or at birth. During ultrasound imaging, trained medical personnel can visualize features of PRS. If PRS is undetected before birth, craniofacial abnormalities can be detected with a physical exam at birth.

There isn’t one standard test used to diagnose isolated PRS. That said, molecular genetic testing can be used to identify changes in DNA involving the SOX9 gene. DNA near this gene is the most typically affected region in cases where PRS occurs on its own.

What are the treatment options available to you? Glossoptosis can affect your infant’s breathing. So placing your child on the stomach (prone position) rather than on the back can prevent the tongue from falling back towards the throat. If your child’s airway is still obstructed, tube-like instruments may be inserted into the nose to keep the airways open. This is known as a nasopharyngeal airway. If airway obstruction is even more severe, a tube may be inserted into your infant’s throat.

While non-surgical treatments are usually adequate, sometimes surgical intervention is necessary. According to Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology, tongue-lip adhesion or glossopexy is a treatment that involves the repositioning of the tongue and keeps the tongue forward. This will help your child to breathe. The procedure can be reversed once your infant’s mouth and jaw properly grow. It is usually performed by an otolaryngologist (ENT specialist) or an oral surgeon assisted by a plastic surgeon.

While no parent wants to hear that their child is diagnosed with glossoptosis, the good news is that it’s highly treatable. With the multitude of treatment options available, you can rest assured that your infant will be in good hands. Monitor your child’s breathing and feeding, and don’t forget to celebrate the birth of your beautiful newborn.

Oral Care Center articles are reviewed by an oral health medical professional. This information is for educational purposes only. This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your dentist, physician or other qualified healthcare provider.