Bleeding gums when flossing: what does it mean?

If your gums bleed when flossing, it could be due to a few factors, like neglecting your oral care routine or using a bad flossing technique. Whether or not you notice your gums bleeding when flossing, you should always make an appointment to see your dentist at least every six months. Routine visits can help to fight and prevent gum disease for two reasons. First, an oral exam allows your dentist to determine if you are showing signs of gingivitis or periodontitis and what measures can be taken to improve your oral health. Second, your dentist or dental hygienist can remove plaque buildup under your gums and hardened tartar on your teeth with professional cleaning.

Plaque is the primary cause of gingivitis. The bacteria in plaque can irritate and infect your gum tissue, causing tenderness and swelling. Getting rid of this sticky substance through daily brushing and flossing and regular professional cleanings can often be enough to treat gingivitis. Your dentist may recommend that you come in more than every six months to help manage plaque buildup and monitor your oral health. If your bleeding gums are a sign of advanced periodontitis, your dentist may recommend a nonsurgical treatment such as scaling and root planing. Scaling involves removing plaque and tartar from teeth and from under the gumline. Root planing is a procedure that involves scaling of the root surface to remove plaque and tartar from it.

While the most common cause, gingivitis is not the only reason behind sensitive and irritated gums. Here are some other possible causes of gums bleeding when flossing or brushing:

A new flossing routine can result in your gums bleeding. If you just started flossing regularly and you notice some bleeding, this is normal and should clear up in a few days. However, if the problem continues, it could indicate that your technique needs some work. Aggressive flossing or using a sawing motion can be too harsh on delicate gums. Instead, ease the floss gently between your teeth and use a u-shaped motion to slide it down the side of one tooth, along the gumline and up the side of the adjacent tooth.

If your toothbrush has hard bristles or you use a heavy-handed approach when brushing, you could be damaging your gums as well as your tooth enamel. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and hold it at a 45° angle, using gentle circular motions to clean every surface of your teeth.

If you wear braces, aligners or dentures or wear a retainer at night, it could be causing irritation to your gums. Dental appliances that are ill-fitting, have rough edges or have not been cleaned properly can cause bleeding gums.

Certain medical conditions like diabetes or those that cause a weakened immune system may cause your gums to bleed. Taking certain medications may also have this side effect. If you’re taking a new medication and notice your gums bleeding when flossing, speak to your doctor.

Some pregnant women experience what is known as pregnancy gingivitis. Hormone changes can cause an increased sensitivity to plaque bacteria, resulting in gum inflammation during pregnancy. Proper brushing and flossing habits, as well as at least one dental appointment while pregnant, can help with gingivitis during pregnancy. This may also be apparent at times of hormonal change, like menopause.

Some vitamin deficiencies can have a negative effect on your oral health and result in gums bleeding. For example, vitamin A helps saliva production, while vitamin D controls inflammation. Eating a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole foods will ensure you get a wide variety of vitamins through the foods you eat.

If you consistently have bleeding gums when flossing, there are some oral care tips that can help. However, if the problem lasts for longer than 2 weeks, make an appointment to see your dentist.

• Learn the correct technique for brushing and flossing. If you’re unsure, speak to your dentist or dental hygienist for advice. 

• Use a soft-bristled toothbrush to prevent damage to your tooth enamel. Be sure to replace it every 3 months or if the bristles are splayed. 

• Use a fluoride toothpaste every day. If your gums are bleeding consistently, try using an antibacterial mouthwash twice a day for two weeks.

•  Have your teeth cleaned professionally every 6 months to prevent plaque and tartar buildup. 

• Maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle. Prioritise fruits and vegetables, keep active, sleep well and avoid smoking and alcohol if you can.

Here are some signs that it’s time to see your dentist about gum sensitivity:

• You have sensitivity or discomfort for longer than one week. 

• You consistently have bleeding gums when brushing or flossing. Occasional bleeding is normal, especially if you haven’t flossed for a while; however, consistently bleeding gums are a sign of gingivitis. 

• You have swollen or red gums that are painful to touch. Your gums should be firm and a healthy pink colour. 

• You have receding gums that expose your tooth roots. This can cause sensitivity and can be a sign of periodontitis. 

• You have consistent bad breath. If you brush your teeth and still have a bad taste in your mouth, this can be a sign of infection.

Here are the answers to some commonly asked questions about bleeding gums when brushing or flossing: