Gum Disease 101

Gum disease can be painless, so it is important to be aware of any of the following symptoms:

• Gums that easily bleed when brushing or flossing
• Swollen, red or tender gums
• Gums that recede or move away from the tooth
• Persistent bad breath or bad taste in mouth
• Loose teeth
• A change in the way your teeth come together
• A change in the fit of partial dentures
• Visible pus surrounding the teeth and gums
• Sharp or dull pain when chewing foods
• Teeth that are overly sensitive to cold or hot temperatures

Bacteria in plaque, a sticky, colourless film that constantly forms on your teeth, cause gum disease. If plaque is not removed it can harden and turn into tartar (calculus). Additionally, dental plaque will continue to form on the tartar. Brushing or flossing cannot remove tartar; a dental professional will need to conduct a dental cleaning to remove it.

If not removed through daily brushing and flossing, plaque turns into tartar, which becomes a rough and retentive surface encouraging further build-up of plaque. The plaque bacteria can infect your gums and teeth, and eventually the gum tissue and bone that support the teeth will be impacted. There are three stages of gum disease:

• Gingivitis – This is the earliest stage of gum disease. It is the inflammation of the gums, caused by dental plaque build-up at the gum line. You may notice some redness or swelling of the gums, or some bleeding during brushing and flossing. At this early stage gum disease can be reversed since the bone and connective tissue that hold the teeth in place are not yet affected.
• Periodontitis – At this stage, the supporting bone and fibres that hold the teeth in place are irreversibly damaged. The gums begin to form a pocket below the gum line, which encourages penetration and growth of plaque below the gum line. Professional periodontal therapy and improved personal oral hygiene can usually help prevent further damage to the gum tissue and supporting tissue and bone.
• Advanced Periodontitis – In this more advanced stage of gum disease, the fibres and bone of your teeth are being destroyed, which can cause your teeth to shift or loosen. This can affect your bite and how you eat and communicate. If aggressive periodontal therapy can’t save them, teeth may need to be removed by a dental specialist. Your dentist will provide restorative options if teeth are removed due to periodontal disease.

Proper brushing and flossing go a long way towards keeping gum disease at bay. Using an antibacterial toothpaste or mouth rinse can kill bacteria and lessen the amount of plaque in your mouth. Removing dental plaque is the key to preventing gum disease and improving mouth health.

A professional cleaning by your dentist or dental hygienist is the only way to remove plaque that has built up and hardened into tartar. By scheduling regular check-ups — twice a year — early-stage gum disease can be treated before it leads to a much more serious condition.

If gum disease is more advanced, scaling and root planing can be performed to treat diseased periodontal pockets and gum infection. A dental hygienist uses an ultrasonic scaling device to remove plaque, tartar and food debris above and below the gum line, and hand scales the tooth and root surfaces to make them smooth and disease free. Laser treatments are also sometimes used to remove tartar deposits. If periodontal pockets are more than 5 millimetres deep, that is, if you have moderate to severe periodontitis, gingival flap surgery may be performed by a periodontist to reduce periodontal pockets, as well as bone grafting to restore lost bone.

Researchers have discovered potential associations between gum disease and other serious health conditions. According to Diabetes UK, if you have diabetes, for example, you are at higher risk of developing infections such as periodontal disease. This is due in part to high blood sugar levels, which can damage blood vessels in the body, leading to dental problems and other complications. A recently published research study suggests an association between gum disease and conditions such as diabetes, as mentioned above, heart disease, and mental health conditions. This is just the latest in a series of studies examining these connections.

Gum disease is caused when bacteria in plaque are not removed by daily brushing and flossing. Luckily it’s preventable. Try one of our toothpastes designed to reduce plaque regrowth and help prevent the occurrence of gum disease.

This article is intended to promote understanding of and knowledge about general oral health topics. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your dentist or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment.