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Understanding Oral Bacteria and Its Role in Oral Health

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Medically Reviewed By Colgate Global Scientific Communications

 

Your mouth is home to many microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. Some of these oral bacteria are helpful in keeping your teeth and gums healthy, while others can cause harm. Though they are too small to see or taste, these tiny organisms play a role in your oral health and beyond.

A disruption of the balance of bacteria in your mouth can lead to tooth decay and gum disease. By understanding how oral bacteria work, you can take better care of your smile and overall health. Read on to learn about their role, common types, signs of imbalance, and ways to keep them in control.

The Role of Oral Bacteria

The mouth contains the second-largest group of microorganisms in the body, with over 700 different species of bacteria. Oral bacteria are a natural and essential part of your mouth’s ecosystem. The good microbes help prevent bad bacteria from causing harm by protecting your teeth and gums. However, the harmful bacteria can form communities with other germs and form plaque and acid.

In addition to affecting your mouth, oral bacteria can impact your overall health. Good bacteria, known as probiotics, help digestion, provide energy, and support tissue growth and immunity. These organisms work together to keep the body healthy and functioning properly. By understanding the role of oral bacteria, you can take steps to support the good ones while keeping the harmful ones in check.

Common Bacteria Found in the Mouth

The mouth has various areas where bacteria and other microbes live, such as the gums, tongue, cheeks, and teeth. These microbes also inhabit the roof and floor of the mouth, throat, and saliva. Certain areas especially attract certain bacterial species because they can attach to the tissue there. Below are some of the common bacteria found in the mouth.

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus, also called “S. aureus” or “Staph aureus,” is a gram-positive bacteria found in healthy individuals. The bacteria typically reside in the nose, throat, and on the skin without causing harm. However, under certain conditions, this bacteria can lead to swelling inside the mouth and infections.

In the mouth, S. aureus causes oral health issues like gum inflammation and abscesses. Oral staph infections can occur when the bacteria enter the mouth through an open wound. This could occur because of a recent oral surgery or a weakened immune system. These infections can spread and are sometimes contagious.

Streptococcus mutans / Streptococcus pyogenes

Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pyogenes are two different types of mouth bacteria, each with distinct roles in oral health.

  • Streptococcus mutans is a major cause of tooth decay. It thrives in biofilms, also known as dental plaque, that form on tooth surfaces and gumline. These bacteria feed on starchy and sugary foods to produce acid that erodes tooth enamel. They are particularly active in areas that are hard to clean, such as the pits and fissures on the teeth, and thrive in a low pH environment.

  • Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A streptococcus (GAS), commonly resides in the throat, anus, or genital areas. It is a leading cause of pharyngitis (sore throat), particularly in children and teenagers. Symptoms typically include a sudden fever, sore throat, and swollen tonsils, often without a cough. In addition to throat infections, S. pyogenes can also cause tonsil enlargement.

Actinomyces

Actinomyces is a type of bacteria that resides in the human mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal tract. These bacteria are typically harmless and contribute to the balance of the oral microbiome. Actinomyces most commonly infect areas around your mouth and face. But you can get actinomycosis in other parts of your body as well.

When these bacteria enter deeper tissues due to an injury, cut, or wound, they can cause an infection. The infection caused by Actinomyces bacteria is called Actinomycosis. This condition leads to slow-growing, painful abscesses that may spread to nearby areas, including the jaw and neck. This infection often requires prolonged antibiotic treatment.

Signs and Symptoms of Bacterial Imbalance

A healthy mouth maintains a balance of bacteria that support oral and overall health. When the balance is disrupted, it can lead to a wide range of issues, including:

  • Bad Breath (Halitosis): The presence of persistent bad breath even after maintaining good oral hygiene. This can be a sign of the overgrowth of harmful oral bacteria.

  • Tooth Decay and Tooth Loss: An imbalance often results in excessive acid production. This can weaken tooth enamel and lead to cavities, which could eventually lead to tooth loss if left untreated.

  • Gum Issues: Swollen, red, or bleeding gums may be signs of gingivitis, often caused by a bacterial imbalance. Advanced stages can lead to periodontitis, a severe gum infection.

  • Dry Mouth: Saliva helps in the oral cleaning process. A lack of saliva can allow harmful bacteria to thrive and multiply.

  • Plaque and Tartar Buildup: An imbalance can increase plaque formation. Plaque can harden into tartar and contribute to gum disease.

  • Mouth Sores or Abscesses: The appearance of painful sores or pus-filled bumps. It often indicates bacterial infections caused by imbalance.

  • Tooth Sensitivity or Pain: Bacterial imbalance can cause damage to enamel or infections in the gums. This may result in increased sensitivity or pain when eating or drinking.

Studies show that stress, tobacco use, and other health conditions can upset the balance of the oral microbiome. Poor diet and health care habits can also be risk factors for several diseases. It includes oral diseases, obesity, skin infections, heart diseases, and neurodegenerative conditions.

Effective Strategies for Managing Oral Bacteria

Keeping the balance of oral bacteria is essential for maintaining good oral and overall health. Here are some simple and effective strategies to help manage and control bacteria in your mouth:

  • Practice good oral hygiene: Brush your teeth twice a day with fluoride toothpaste and use a soft-bristled toothbrush. Remember to clean your tongue and floss daily to remove food particles and bacteria from between your teeth.

If you are looking for a toothpaste that provides 24-hour antibacterial action*, you may opt for Colgate Total Active Prevention. It is designed to offer superior performance and help prevent many common oral care issues. Offering long-lasting preventative benefits against bacteria helps address the root cause of many common oral care problems.

 

  • Visit your dentist regularly: Schedule routine dental checkups and cleanings every six months. Professional cleanings can remove plaque and tartar buildup that you may not be able to remove at home.

  • Use antimicrobial mouthwash: Rinse with a mouthwash containing antimicrobial agents. It helps reduce harmful bacteria in your mouth and freshens your breath.

  • Stay hydrated: Drinking plenty of water helps wash away food particles and bacteria. It also helps promote saliva production, which is crucial for maintaining a healthy oral microbiome.

  • Maintain a healthy diet: Limit sugary and acidic foods, which feed harmful bacteria and contribute to tooth decay. Eat a balanced diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and dairy to support oral health.

  • Avoid tobacco products: Smoking and chewing tobacco can disrupt the balance of bacteria in your mouth. This, in turn, could increase the risk of gum disease and other oral health problems.

  • Manage stress levels: Chronic stress can weaken your immune system, making it harder for your body to fight off harmful bacteria. Practice relaxation techniques like meditation or deep breathing to stay healthy.

  • Address dry mouth: If you experience dry mouth, use oral sprays or lozenges designed to increase saliva production. Consult your dentist for additional personal recommendations.

Understanding oral bacteria and managing them is crucial for maintaining not only a healthy smile but also your overall health. By practising good dental hygiene, adopting a healthy lifestyle, and seeking regular dental care, you can ensure the balance of beneficial and harmful bacteria in your mouth. Take proactive steps today to protect your oral health and prevent long-term complications.

*with 2x daily brushing with 4 weeks continued use

 

Frequently Asked Questions

  1. How do oral bacteria affect overall health?
    Oral bacteria can affect overall health if they enter the bloodstream and spread to other parts of your body. In some cases, harmful bacteria can cause infections, including those in the respiratory tract, heart valves, and soft tissues. Other consequences include heart disease and diabetes.
  2. What causes an imbalance of oral bacteria? 
    An imbalance of oral bacteria can result from poor oral care, a diet high in sugar, smoking, or stress. Other factors like dry mouth, certain medications, and underlying health conditions can also disrupt the balance. These changes allow harmful bacteria to overgrow, leading to oral health problems.
  3. Can oral bacteria lead to bad breath?
    Yes, oral bacteria can lead to bad breath. This usually happens when harmful bacteria break down the food particles and produce foul-smelling compounds. Poor oral hygiene, dry mouth, and plaque buildup can add to the situation, making it important to maintain proper oral care.
  4. What are the early signs of harmful oral bacterial overgrowth? 
    Early signs of harmful oral bacterial overgrowth include persistent bad breath, swollen or bleeding gums, and increased plaque or tartar buildup. You may also notice tooth sensitivity, minor pain, or redness and inflammation in the gums.
  5. Is it possible to completely eliminate harmful oral bacteria?
    You cannot completely get rid of harmful oral bacteria because they are a natural part of your mouth. But you can keep them under control by brushing, flossing, and taking care of your teeth. The key is to keep a healthy balance of bacteria for a healthy mouth.