TMJ Anatomy: What To Know

January 9, 2023. 3 min read

Fun fact! The mandible is the largest bone of the face and the only bone in your skull that can move. The temporomandibular joint commonly referred to as the TMJ is located below your ears on either side of the head. This complex joint enables a range of motion; helping you speak, chew, swallow, yawn, and move your jaw. The complexity of TMJ anatomy can be a bit daunting. But, when you know the basics of how your temporomandibular joint functions, it may help you better understand how you can keep it in good working order for many years to come.

TMJ Anatomy

The mandible, also known as the lower jaw, has two vertical extensions from each side, with a condyle at the top. The condyle can vary in shape and symmetry. The TMJ is where the condyles meet the temporal bone of the skull. A fibrous disc, called the articular disc, cushions the space between these two bones and keeps them from touching. A synovial membrane, synovial fluid, blood vessels, and nerves, as well as connective tissue, are found in the area behind the articular disc. Also, three ligaments help stabilize the joint, prevent dislocation, and support the mandibular bone weight.

What is the purpose of the TMJ?

Whenever you open and close your mouth, move your jaw forward, backward, or side-to-side, you are using the TMJ. This complex joint works with muscles of mastication to produce sliding and hinging motion.

Masseter - this quadrangular shaped muscle is the most powerful of the four muscles of mastication. It has two parts and is responsible for lifting your mandible and closing your mouth.
Temporalis - besides lifting the mandible and closing your mouth, this muscle is necessary to crush and grind objects between the molars.
Medial pterygoid - with a quadrangular shape, this muscle is both deep and superficial. Like the masseter and temporalis muscles, it elevates your mandible and laterally deviates it to the opposite side.
Lateral pterygoid - this two-part muscle is shaped like a triangle and is mostly responsible for sliding your jaw forward, but it also moves the jaw side to side.

TMJ Disorders

According to the National Institute of Dental Craniofacial Research, almost 10 million Americans experience TMJ problems. The cause of this isn't always clear. Still, trauma to the jaw from injury, long-term teeth grinding, muscle spasms from stress, misaligned teeth, or some form of arthritis may result in TMJ disorders or TMD. Some of the signs and symptoms include popping, clicking, pain in the jaw joints, jaw locking, headaches, dizziness, earaches, neck pain, and even numbness in the fingers. Although TMJ dysfunctions tend to resolve themselves with little or no treatment, you should always visit your dentist to experience any of these symptoms.

Maintaining a Healthy TMJ

Knowing more about how your temporomandibular joint functions may help you better understand how you can keep it in good working order. Like breathing for a count of five, relaxation techniques can help reduce stress and alleviate teeth grinding. Eating soft foods can also help to ease the tension in your TMJ. Lastly, regular dentist appointments can assist in the early detection of TMJ disorders.

This article is intended to promote understanding of and knowledge about general oral health topics. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your dentist or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment.