There are five stages of tooth decay that contribute to cavities. These include:
Stage 1: Demineralization
This is the first sign of tooth decay that shows up on the surface of the tooth (enamel). Tooth enamel is made up mostly of minerals. When teeth are exposed to acids produced by plaque bacteria, the enamel begins to lose these minerals and wears away. This loss of minerals and enamel wear is referred to as demineralization. Signs of this include white spots on one or more teeth.
Stage 2: Enamel Decay
If tooth decay isn’t stopped then it will continue to further erode the enamel. White spots may darken to a brownish color and small holes called cavities can form. Cavities will need to be filled by your dentist.
Stage 3: Dentin Decay
Dentin is the tissue beneath the enamel. It’s softer than enamel and is damaged more easily by acids. Once decay reaches the dentin it may progress at a quicker rate. The dentin also contains tubes that connect to the nerves of the tooth. When this part of the tooth is affected, it can cause increased sensitivity to hot or cold food and drinks.
Stage 4: Pulp Damage
The pulp is the innermost layer of your tooth. It contains the nerves and blood vessels that help nourish teeth. When the pulp is damaged, it may become irritated and start to swell. This pressure may be placed on the nerves and cause pain. If the roots of the tooth are affected, a root canal or tooth extraction might be necessary.
Stage 5: Abscess
As tooth decay advances into the pulp, bacteria can invade and cause an infection and may lead to an abscess (a pocket of pus forming at the bottom of your tooth.) Tooth abscesses can cause severe pain that may radiate into the jaw. Other symptoms of this type of infection include swelling of the gums, face or jaw, fever, and swollen lymph nodes in your neck. This type of infection can lead to tooth loss or spread to surrounding teeth and bones, resulting in widespread infection. It is serious and must receive immediate treatment.